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Hardness Test
The best material strength is measured by its resistance to indentation or penetration on its surface. The hardness test is crucial for selecting the appropriate material, as it provides a hardness value indicating how easily the material can be machined and its wear resistance. Hardness is defined as "resistance to indentation," and is measured by the "permanent depth of the indentation." In simpler terms, a material is considered harder if it produces a smaller indentation under a fixed load with a specific indenter.
Brinell Hardness
- This simple indentation test measures the hardness of various materials. It involves pressing a 5 or 10 mm diameter tungsten carbide ball onto the flat surface of a metal sample with a load ranging from 500 kg to 3000 kg for a set duration (10-30 seconds).
Rockwell Hardness
- The Rockwell hardness number indicates the difference in depth penetration between two loads. There are two types: Rockwell and Superficial Rockwell, differentiated by the minor and major loads applied. The indenter can be a diamond cone or a hardened ball, depending on the material being tested.
Vickers Hardness
- The Vickers hardness test uses a polished rhombohedral Knoop indenter with longitudinal angles of 172° 30′ and transverse angles of 130° 0′. Its narrow shape makes it ideal for testing materials with coatings and hardness gradients, and it is particularly suited for hard and brittle materials.
Portable Hardness
- On-site hardness testing can be performed with a portable digital hardness tester using a rebound-type method. This is especially useful for large objects or in situ testing where cutting a sample is not feasible.